♞perfix,roots,suffix
A.voc ,vo -to call
provoke-
1. To incite to anger or resentment: taunts that provoked their rivals.
2. To stir to action or feeling: a remark that provoked me to reconsider.
3. To give rise to; bring about: a miscue that provoked laughter; news that provoked an uproar.
4. To bring about deliberately; induce: provoke a fight.
♞Armour: Shield, Helmet, Cuirass, Greaves
A.The Shield
A hoplite's main form of protection was his shield (in Greek, aspis - not hoplon as is sometimes thought). These were round, so that nothing could catch on them in the tight formations of battle (called the phalanx). As we can see from the carving to the right, shields were big enough to cover a hoplite from chin to thigh. The size ranged from 80-100cm.
Shields gave a hoplite good protection, but the idea was that they helped protect the man to his left. A hoplite would himself be partly protected by the shield of the man to his own right. In the phalanx the shields overlapped slightly, and so a sort of wall of shields was formed (see picture below right). This was one of the main reasons the phalanx was so strong.
B.Helmets
A hoplite was also protected by a helmet, usually made of bronze. There are many kinds. Most had a crest on top - a row of horsehair meant to look like a horse's mane, to help scare the enemy. The helmets we have in museums lost these crests long ago.
The pictures to the right show two examples of one of the most popular kinds of helmet - the Corinthian. The re-enactors above are all wearing Corinthian helmets.
These helmets gave very good protection but reduced vision and hearing quite a lot. They must have also made the wearer pretty hot! Later on a hole was cut for the ears so hoplites could hear better. A cloth cap was also worn inside the helmet to soften blows to the head.
Crests were often brightly coloured and patterned - see the vase painting below.
♞The Story of the Ramayana Briefly
So, just to let you know what you are in for, here is a very brief summary of the Ramayana, the adventures of lord Rama. Rama is the son of King Daśaratha, but he is also an incarnation of the god Vishnu, born in human form to do battle with the demon lord Ravana. Ravana had obtained divine protection against other demons, and even against the gods - but because he scorned the world of animals and men, he had not asked for protection from them. Therefore, Vishnu incarnated as a human being in order to put a stop to Ravana. King Daśaratha has three other sons besides Rama. There is Lakshmana, who is devoted to Rama. There is also Bharata, the son of Daśaratha's pretty young wife Kaikeyi, and finally there is Śatrughna, who is as devoted to Bharata as Lakshmana is to Rama.
When Daśaratha grows old, he decides to name Rama as his successor. Queen Kaikeyi, however, is outraged. She manages to compel Daśaratha to name their son Bharata as his successor instead and to send Rama into exile in the forest. Rama agrees to go into exile, and he is accompanied by his wife Sita and his brother Lakshmana. When their exile is nearly over, Sita is abducted by the evil Ravana who carries her off to Lanka city (on the island of Sri Lanka). Rama and Lakshmana follow in pursuit, and they are aided by the monkey lord, Hanuman, who is perfectly devoted to Rama.
After many difficulties and dangers, Rama finally confronts Ravana and defeats him in battle. What happens after that is a matter of some dispute in the different versions of the Ramayana. Did Rama accept Sita back into his household? Or did he send her away ?
♞Testament \Tes"ta*ment\, n. [F., fr. L. testamentum, fr. testari
to be a witness, to make one's last will, akin to testis a
witness. Cf. {Intestate}, {Testify}.]
1. (Law) A solemn, authentic instrument in writing, by which
a person declares his will as to disposal of his estate
and effects after his death.
[1913 Webster]
Note: This is otherwise called a will, and sometimes a last
will and testament. A testament, to be valid, must be
made by a person of sound mind; and it must be executed
and published in due form of law. A man, in certain
cases, may make a valid will by word of mouth only. See
{Nuncupative will}, under {Nuncupative}.
[1913 Webster]
2. One of the two distinct revelations of God's purposes
toward man; a covenant; also, one of the two general
divisions of the canonical books of the sacred Scriptures,
in which the covenants are respectively revealed; as, the
Old Testament; the New Testament; -- often limited, in
colloquial language, to the latter.
[1913 Webster]
He is the mediator of the new testament . . . for
the redemption of the transgressions that were under
the first testament. --Heb. ix. 15.
[1913 Webster]
a complex of intersecting valleys or ridges near the Martian south pole (in the Mare Australe quadrangle), located at 81.68° S and 63.25° W. It was nicknamed the "Inca City" by NASA scientists due to its superficial resemblance to a ruined city.Like other formations in the area, the name 'Angustus' derives from a name given by Eugene Antoniadi in 1930 to an albedo feature that corresponds with the area. The name was approved in 2006.
Angustus Labyrinthus was discovered by the Mariner 9 probe, which photographed a small area that looked like the ruins of an ancient city. Mariner 9 team members named it the "Inca City". It looked like sand dunes that had formed from winds that blew from two different directions, but the dunes were too big. In 2002 the camera on Mars Global Surveyor revealed that the 'Inca City' was part of a large circular structure that was 86 km in diameter. So the shape meant that it was probably caused by an asteroid impact which cracked the crust. Later, magma flowed along the cracks. When the magma cooled, hard, erosion resistant walls of rock (dikes) formed. The crater was covered over, then partially exhumed. The hard walls of rock were left standing as softer surrounding material eroded away.
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